Rebecca has a commentary on Data Protection, usually with a United Kingdom bias. She is a Lecturer in law at Nottigham Trent University. Recent works include assisting the European funded project, PRIVIREAL , which aimed to examine the implementation of the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC in relation to medical research and the role of ethics committees.
DP Thinker is a UK based cyberblog by a legal scholar, specialising in privacy and data protection developments (be it within Europe or the US). Any feedback/views to postings on DP Thinker are always welcome.
Currently exploring the implications of outsourcing and data protection. If you have views on this subject, please email her.
Publications to Date
Wong, R. The shape of things to come: Swedish developments on the protection of privacy, Script-Ed , (2005), 2.
Wong, R. Privacy: charting its developments and prospects In: Klang, M. & A. Murray, Human Rights in the Digital Age , January 2005.
Recommend blog posts
For researchers working on privacy developments, here are a few suggested links to keep abreast of the latest:
ICO Consultation
Having been overwhelmed with plenty of books to read on my to do list, here is just the latest on data protection developments. The ICO is currently undergoing a public consultation (view on this later) into an online code of practice. If you have not yet aired your views, it is still not too late. By way of recap:
The code will provide comprehensive, accessible guidance on the following broad areas: Operating a privacy-friendly website Rights and protections for individuals Privacy choices and default settings Cyberspace and territoriality
We intend to publish the code in May 2010, following a public consultation exercise.
On a different note, Oxford Brookes University and BILETA are hosting a one day event for doctoral researchers engaged in the field of IT, IP and Cyberspace law on September 11, 2009. Please mark this in your diaries. Further details about registration can be found here.
How well do you know your privacy policies? Whilst updating my reading, came across this recent update that EFF has introduced the ToS Tracker, which keeps an eye on 58 website privacy policies. Courtesy of Dark Reading:
The EFF on Thursday launched TOSBack.org, a "terms of service" tracker for Facebook, Google, eBay, and other major Websites. The idea is to give users an easy way of finding the privacy policies used by their favorite sites, and to be alerted when those policies change. TOSBack.org offers a real-time feed of changes and updates to more than three dozen policies from the Internet's most popular online services. Clicking on an update brings users a side-by-side, before-and-after comparison, highlighting what has been removed from the policy and what has been added, the EFF says. The issue of terms-of-service changes -- and how and why they are made -- was highlighted earlier this year when Facebook modified its terms of use. Facebook users worried that the change gave the company the right to use their content indefinitely. After a user revolt, Facebook announced it would restore the former terms while it worked through the concerns users had raised "Some changes to terms of service are good for consumers, and some are bad," says EFF senior staff attorney Fred von Lohmann. "But Internet users are increasingly trusting Websites with everything from their photos to their 'friends lists' to their calendar -- and sometimes even their medical information. TOSBack will help consumers flag changes in the Websites they use every day and trust with their personal information."
Art. 29 Working Party Opinion on SNS
According to the latest press release, the Art. 29 Working Party has issued an opinion (pdf) on social networking sites ("SNS") . In particular, it addresses how the SNS can meet its data protection obligations by considering who is the data controller (SNS providers; application providers; users are exempt under Art. 3.2 Data Protection Directive, but leaves the possibility that they could have data controller responsibilities); information to be provided by SNS; third party access and whether retention of data under a SNS. In sum, the Art. 29 Working Party provides: Applicability of EC Directives
1. The Data Protection Directive generally applies to the processing of personal data by SNS, even when their headquarters are outside of the EEA. 2. SNS providers are considered data controllers under the Data Protection Directive. 3. Application providers might be considered data controllers under the Data Protection Directive. 4. Users are considered data subjects vis-à-vis the processing of their data by SNS. 5. Processing of personal data by users in most cases falls within the household exemption. There are instances where the activities of a user are not covered by this exemption. 6. SNS fall outside of the scope of the definition of electronic communication service and therefore the Data Retention Directive does not apply to SNS. Obligations of SNS 7. SNS should inform users of their identity, and provide comprehensive and clear information about the purposes and different ways in which they intend to process personal data. 8. SNS should offer privacy-friendly default settings. 9. SNS should provide information and adequate warning to users about privacy risks when they upload data onto the SNS. 11. Users should be advised by SNS that pictures or information about other individuals, should only be uploaded with the individual?s consent. 12. At a minimum, the homepage of SNS should contain a link to a complaint facility, covering data protection issues, for both members and non-members. 13. Marketing activity must comply with the rules laid down in the Data Protection and ePrivacy Directives.Art. 29 Working PartyOpinion (pdf)
1) Common interpretations of certain provisions of the [Data Protection] Directive (charter for effective interpretation) was needed to ensure that its functions optimally in the future. In particular, reference was also made to the Swedish model, which established a set of regulations using a risk based approach (misuse-orientated approach) without undermining the Directive. According to the report, the ?Swedish regulator was convinced that such a route remains legally acceptable without violating the current provisions of the Directive?. The report further commends the Swedish model, by recommending that the Charter should encourage the use of a risk-based approach to the application of the rules focusing on acts of data processing where harm can reasonably expected [read Seipel's commentary on Swedish developments in Nordic Data Protection Law and short commentary here]
2) Recommendation 2: improving the effectiveness of the Adequacy rule and facilitate the use of alternatives to the adequacy rule (it is all about ?contracts? to enable the transfer of personal information from one organisation to another in a non-EEA country) [Only criticism is that this should not impact on the everyday processing such as the internet (uploading of files containing peripheral personal information such as news report; book or article should not be brought within Art. 25; even if the interpretation should be stretched, then the exemptions under Art. 26 ought to be embraced]
3) Develop more suitable privacy policies ? in particular, reference is made to encouraging clearer guidelines for data controllers on communicating their policies to data subjects with reference to Creative Commons model of intellectual property right licences. In a Creative Commons model, certain standard types of licences are developed which can be communicated to end users through short, easy to understand descriptions (e.g. ?attribution?, ?non-commercial?, ?no derivative works?,...). A comparable approach could be adopted with regard to privacy policies, by providing summary notices based on such standardised descriptions. These should be relatively easy for interested consumers to understand [on this note, any privacy policies ought to complement the existing Data Protection Directive and national Data Protection Acts 1998 - for those unfamiliar with a Privacy Commons model, a short commentary]
4) The Chief Privacy Officer role may be identified as an alternative to a privacy policy, there mainly to provide for accountability within an organisation. Regulations should be designed that would make Chief Privacy Officers personally responsible and/or criminally liable for willingly engaging in risky, unscrupulous or irresponsible behaviour by their organisations regarding the use of personal data. This would be comparable to the model of the Chief Privacy Officer in certain organisations in the US, which hold real decision making and enforcing power and are highly respected both within their organisations and by regulators and DPAs [on this recommendation, whilst making CPOs accountable, yet verging onto ?criminally liable? is one which would be considered too onerous a measure and would likely inhibit ?would be? Privacy Officers (data protection officers in the UK). Furthermore, the level of responsibilities by Privacy Officers in an organisation may be varied and it is unclear whether they would be considered to be solely responsible only for the oversight of privacy rules. In other words, CEOs, Directors may also play a role]. See also Commentary from: Out-lawH&W
Book Review
Whilst ploughing through Privacy Advocates(and marking to complete), particularly on the role of the Privacy Consultant (in the UK, data protection/privacy officers), came across this sage advice:"The role of academics within the privacy advocacy community raises larger questions about the responsibility of intellectuals within the society. Should academic work be driven by the pressing social problems of the day?... Here is Stanley Fish's advice..."Do your job; don't try to do someone else's job, as you are unlikely to be qualified...don't confuse your academic obligations with the obligation to save the world; and don't surrender your academic obligations to the agenda of a non-academic constituency... don't cross the boundary between academic work and partisan advocacy, whether the advocacy is yours or someone else's...The job of the academic is not to change the world, as Karl Marx said, but to interpret it"Thought provoking analysis for privacy researchers!
Data Protection Developments
The ICO has recently published its press release entitled: Data Protection in the EU: promising themes for reform:
The Review of the EU Directive prepared for my Office by RAND Europe has been presented to participants at this conference as a draft. The presentation by Neil Robinson and Hans Graux has highlighted their main findings and short and long-term recommendations. Peter Hustinx has added some very perceptive and important observations. We plan to publish the final version of the RAND Report in May ? shortly before the conference which has been convened by Commissioner Jacques Barrot. We have always been clear that the RAND study is intended to provide food for thought and to stimulate debate. It is a not a blueprint for reform, still less does it contain the draft of a new Directive. We are equally clear that any reform will take many years, but the debate must start somewhere. That debate has started here in Edinburgh today. As the draft Edinburgh Declaration which will be discussed tomorrow makes clear, the fundamental role for Commissioners in this debate is that of Leadership
The press release goes into detail over the strengths of the DPD including:
The Directive is comprehensive, broadly-drafted and sets out a basic framework of protection, drawing on OECD and Council of Europe approaches. ? It sets standards which are widely seen as ?High? and has a strong Human Rights resonance, with sharp focus on fundamental rights? and freedoms.
? It has given people important and usable access and other rights.
? The basic Data Protection Principles have stood the test of time well and are flexible in their drafting and application.
? The Directive seeks to be largely neutral in terms of technology.
? The Directive can claim significant success in harmonising DP rules and promoting an internal market across the European Union.
The press release also identifies the following:
There must be more emphasis on the benefits of maximum and genuine transparency, for example:
? Privacy by Design and the use of published Privacy Impact Assessments.
? There is much more scope to encourage and require organisations to adopt Privacy Policies, make them easily available and ? of course - hold them to account for fulfilment.
? There is more scope for trust marks, accountability agents and 3rd party certification.
? More controversially, perhaps, we can envisage greater use of self-certification.
? And we must improve the use and content of Privacy Notices, getting the right information to the right people in the right language at right time.
More details can be found in their press release (pdf).
Update: The full report is now available including its recommendations with commentaries from Out-law and H&W.
Phorm saga
According to press release from Out-Law News, in the latest on the Phorm saga, the European Commission has issued proceedings against the UK over its implementation of the European Union Directives: UK laws protecting the privacy of people's communications are inadequate, the European Commission has said. The Commission has launched a legal case against the UK over its implementation of European Union Directives. The Commission's investigation was sparked by outrage over trials by BT of a system which monitors web use and tries to match advertising to people's perceived interests. The trials were done without BT customers' knowledge or permission. The Commission has investigated complaints made to it and to police and has found the UK's laws inadequate in protecting the privacy of communications. "The Commission has concerns that there are structural problems in the way the UK has implemented EU rules ensuring the confidentiality of communications," said a Commission statement. BT used technology made and promoted by Phorm to track users' online activity. It has since run trials in which it did ask users' permission. The Commission said that BT's trials have been the subject of complaints to privacy regulator the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) and to police. The Commission believes that UK laws do not properly implement two Directives aimed at protecting privacy, the Privacy and Electronic Communications Directive and the Data Protection Directive. Update: Commentary from:Open Rights.org
Reading list
Having been slightly disorganised over the last week, and with plenty of reading to do over the Easter, including a recommended book by Clay Shirky titled "Here comes everybody" this post will diverge from discussion over data protection developments. Short excerpt of the book:
Welcome to the new future of involvement. Forming groups is easier than it?s ever been: unpaid volunteers can build an encyclopaedia together in their spare time, mistreated customers can join forces to get their revenge on airlines and high street banks, and one man with a laptop can raise an army to help recover a stolen phone. The results of this new world of easy collaboration can be both good (young people defying an oppressive government with a guerrilla ice-cream eating protest) and bad (girls sharing advice for staying dangerously skinny) but it?s here and, as Clay Shirky shows, it?s affecting ? well, everybody. For the first time, we have the tools to make group action truly a reality. And they?re going to change our whole world. As for forthcoming conferences, that researchers ought to go to include (not exhaustive):
Google's Street View includes a facility which allows vehicle registration marks and faces to be blurred. Individuals who feel that an image does identify them (and are unhappy with this) should contact Google direct to get the image removed. Individuals who have raised concerns with Google about their image being included - and who do not think they have received a satisfactory response - can complain to the [UK]ICO. See also: BBC Press clip: Call to "shut down" Street View, 24 March 2009
2nd Privacy OS Conference The 2nd Privacy OS Conference will be held in Berlin, 1-3 April 2009. More details of the Conference can be found here. A brief background of PrivacyOS:
About PrivacyOS
PrivacyOS is a European project aimed at bringing together industry, SMEs, government, academia and civil society to foster development of privacy infrastructures for Europe and is coordinated by the Unabhängiges Landeszentrum für Datenschutz Schleswig-Holstein (ULD), which is also the office of the Privacy Commissioner of the German State of Schleswig Holstein. The general objectives of PrivacyOS are to create a long-term collaboration in the thematic network and establish collective interfaces with other EU projects. Participants exchange research and best practices, as well as develop strategies and joint projects following four core policy goals: Awareness-rising, enabling privacy on the Web, fostering privacy-friendly Identity Management, and stipulating research.
Phorm and Websites
In the latest saga on Phorm and websites, according to Beeb: "Seven of the UK's biggest web firms have been urged to opt out of a controversial ad-serving system. Phorm - aka Webwise - profiles users' browsing habits and serves up adverts based on which sites they visit. In an open letter, the Open Rights Group (ORG) has asked the firms to block Phorm's attempts to profile their sites, to thwart the profiling system. Before now, Phorm has defended its technology saying that it does not break data interception la ws. Legal view Chief privacy officers at Microsoft, Google/Youtube, Facebook, AOL/Bebo, Yahoo, Amazon and Ebay have been sent copies of the letter signed the digital rights campaign group and anti-phorm campaigners." Open Rights Group has more on this. BBC: Big websites urged to avoid Phorm
Art. 29 Working Party Opinion on E-Privacy Directive
According to SCL, the Art. 29 Working Party has issued its third opinion on proposals amending the Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications 2002/58/EC. More from SCL:In a further official Opinion on the e-Privacy Directive, dated 10 February and now available online, the Article 29 Working Party has emphasised some of its concerns about the impending e-Privacy Directive. While much of the Opinion retreads old ground, the tone of the comments on the data breach notification aspects of the Directive is arresting.
The Working Party believes that: ?an extension of personal data breach notifications to Information Society Services is necessary given the ever increasing role these services play in the daily lives of European citizens, and the increasing amounts of personal data processed by these services. Online transactions including access to e-banking services, private sector medical records and online shopping are few examples of services that may be subject to personal data breaches causing significant risks to a large number of European citizens. Limiting the scope of these obligations to publicly available electronic communications services would only affect a very limited number of stakeholders and thus would significantly reduce the impact of personal data breach notifications as a means to protect individuals against risks such as identity theft, financial loss, loss of business or employment opportunities and physical harm.?
UPDATE: In a further development of proposed data breach notification laws, according to Out-law, the Council of Ministers have rejected plans to expand the scope of the European Union security breach law beyond telecoms companies. More from Out-Law.
Surveillance Report
The House of Lords Constitution Committee has recently published a report discussing the expansion of 'surveillance society', reiterating the warning that the right to privacy is being undermined by pervasive and routine electronic surveillance and collection of personal data:
The report makes over forty recommendations, including statutory regulation of the use of CCTV cameras, a clear legislative framework for the DNA database, a review of the provisions of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act, and amendments to the Data Protection Act to provide for 'privacy impact assessments' before any new surveillance regime is introduced. A complaints procedure for breaches of Article 8 should be established, and "where appropriate", legal aid should be made available for Article 8 claims. Compensation should be paid to the victims of "unlawful surveillance" by public authorities. The report also endorses tighter controls within government and a new joint parliamentary committee on surveillance and data powers, to which the Information Commission, whose powers should be strengthened, could report.
DS Breaches
According to the latest findings, data breaches appear to become a common occurence:
The personal information of UK citizens is being lost and stolen at an unprecedented rate, the UK?s privacy watchdog said today. Nearly 100 data breaches were reported to the Information Commissioner?s Office (ICO) in the last three months alone, with millions of bank details, addresses, emails, private health information and employee salary statements lost or stolen in 2008. Data breaches jumped by 36 per cent last year, the ICO said. Personal information is now lost - on average - more than once a day.
In June, Virgin Media lost a CD containing private information on more than 3,000 customers while a hospital in Wembley recently had two computers stolen which contained the unencrypted details on 400 patients. Richard Thomas, the Information Commissioner, said it was ?unacceptable? that private companies - responsible for 112 of the 376 data breaches last year - could not be investigated by the ICO without their permission.
Source: The Times, 8 Feb. 2009 Ensuring technical security standards by organisations is covered under the 7th data protection principle within the UK Data Protection Act 1998. Getting a privacy audit (or a privacy impact assessment test) of the organisation's technical security procedures would be a starting point. More details can be found on the ICO website.
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